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IRONWORKER CODES OF SAFE PRACTICES
: Structural Steel Erection and Construction
A. Ironworkers who engage in erection and construction are governed by Article 29 of Title 8, California Code of Regulations, including but not limited to the following specific requirements. A complete copy of these regulations can be found on the Internet at http://www.dir.ca.gov/. Search on the regulation number you wish to view.
B. This document and the documents it refers to spell out the safety requirements necessary to protect employees from the hazards of steel erection activities. These activities include the construction, alteration and repair of single and multi-story buildings, bridges and other structures where steel erection occurs. Additional requirements may be found in Article 20, Section 1635(b).
1. Ironworkers are defined as employees who engage in multistory
building steel erection and engage in the following activities:
a. Hoisting, connecting, landing, placing, installing, welding,
bolting or rigging structural steel, steel joists, metal buildings,
metal decking, siding systems, ornamental iron, miscellaneous
other metals and similar materials.
b. Working under loads.
c. Moving from point to point to perform these activities.
2. Ironworkers are also defined as those who are, while on the job, placed at risk of any harm or hazards due to (B1.) or column instability, double connections, or falls to lower levels, and are subject to these safety measures.
C. Erection of structures is governed by §1710 of Title 8, California Code of Regulations, which are outlined below. A list of definitions of terms is available in §1710 (3b.) of Title 8, California Code of Regulations.
D. Where a building is being constructed in sections, each section constitutes a building.
E. No person shall proceed with any work assigned to him or require any other person to perform any work unless these safety measures are in place.
: Site Layout and Construction Preparation
A. Before authorizing commencement of steel erection, the Contractor
shall ensure that the [Company] is provided with written notification
that:
1. The concrete in the footings, piers, and walls and the mortar
in the masonry piers and walls has attained sufficient strength
to support the loads imposed during steel erection.
2. All repairs, replacements and modifications to anchor bolts
were conducted in accordance with the standards of **§1710
(f2).**
3. Adequate access roads into and through the site for the safe
delivery and movement of any vehicles or machinery are being maintained
as passageways for pedestrian and vehicular use.
4. A safe, graded and properly drained area is readily accessible
with safe storage for and adequate access to equipment and material.
5. All hoisting operations meet the requirements of the General
Industry Safety Orders, Section 5002.
B. The sequence of erection, bolting, guying, riveting and
welding shall be such that the stability of the structure is guaranteed
at all times; this applies to:
1. The dead weight of the structure.
2. The weight and working states of all equipment placed on it.
3. Any external forces that might be applied.
: Hoisting and Rigging:
A. The crane or derrick operator has authority over their operations;
if at any time there is any doubt about anyone's safety, the operator
has the authority to stop and refuse to continue the operation.
B. If loose items are placed on top of metal decking bundles to
be hoisted, these items must be secured to the bundles.
C. Cranes or derricks may be used to hoist employees on a personnel
platform provided the provisions of General Industry Safety Orders,
Section 5004 are met [excepting subsection (c)] .
D. During the final placing of solid web structural members, the
load must not be released from the hoisting line until the members
are secured with not less than two bolts drawn up wrench tight,
or the equivalent at each connection to sustain anticipated loads
and keep objects or structural members from rolling.
1. Structural members used as diagonal bracing shall be secured
by at least one bolt per connection drawn up wrench-tight or the
equivalent.
2. Double connections are required on columns and/or beam webs
over a column.
3. For further information on specific hoisting and rigging stabilization
devices and situations, see Title 8, California Code of Regulations,
§1710
E. Any beams or other materials being lifted and placed by any
hoisting apparatus shall not be released from the hoisting apparatus
until the person detaching the load has verified that the load
is secured against any unintentional or accidental movement.
: Bracing
A. Trusses and beams must be braced laterally and progressively
during construction to prevent buckling or overturning.
1. The first member must be plumbed, connected, braced and/or
guyed against shifting before succeeding members are erected and
secured to it.
2. The total system must be adequately braced and stabilized to
the foundation, to suitable anchors buried in the ground, or by
other equivalent methods.
B. Trusses and beams over 25 feet long require an erection plan
and procedure prepared by a registered civil engineer, which must
be followed and kept available on the job site for inspection
by Cal/OSHA.
: Open Web Steel Joists
A. Where steel joists are at or near columns that span 60 feet
or less, joists shall
1. be designed to be strong enough for one employee to release
the hoisting cable.
2. be set at the same time as the bridging is installed.
3. not be placed on any unstable structure unless the framework
has been safely bolted or welded.
B. In steel framing where bar joists are used and columns are
not framed in at least two directions with structural steel members,
a bar joist must be field-bolted at columns to provide lateral
stability during construction.
C. Where 40-foot or longer joists or trusses are used, rows of
bridging must be installed to provide lateral stability during
construction prior to releasing tension on the hoisting line.
D. Where steel joists are used and columns aren't framed in at
least two directions with solid web structural steel members,
a steel joist shall be field-bolted at the column to keep it from
falling during erection. For more information and further instructions
refer to Title 8, California Code of Regulations, §1710.
E. Where the above is not possible, an alternate means of stabilizing
joists, designed by a qualified person and indicated in the plan
drawings, must be constructed and shop-installed.
F. When steel joists span equal or greater lengths than the span
indicated in Tables A and B of the Cal/OSHA Standard, Title 8,
Chapter 4:
1. A row of bolted diagonal erection bridging must be installed
near the mid span of the joist.
2. Hoisting cables should not be released until the above bridging
is installed.
3. No more than one employee can be allowed on this span .
G. Where the span of the steel joists is over 60 feet through
100 feet:
1. Two rows of bolted diagonal bridging must be installed near
the third points of the steel joist.
2. Hoisting cables should not be released until the above bridging
is installed.
3. No more than two employees can be allowed on this span until
all bridging is installed.
H. Where the span of the steel joists is over 100 feet through
144 feet:
1. All rows of bridging shall be bolted diagonal bridging.
2. Hoisting cables should not be released until bridging is installed.
3. No more than two employees can be allowed on this span until
all bridging is installed.
I. No changes that affect the strength of a steel joist or joist
girder may be made without the approval of the project structural
engineer of record.
J. Where the span of the steel joists is over 144 feet, the erection
methods used shall be in accordance with the Cal/OSHA Standards,
Title 8, Chapter 4; in addition, all steel field-bolted and shop-bolted
joists must adhere to these standards
K. [Company] must not place loads on steel joists so that its
distribution exceeds the carrying capacity of the joist.
1. The weight of a bundle of joist bridging shall not exceed a
total of 1,000 lbs. These bundles must be placed on a mimimum
of three joists, the end of which must be positioned one foot
away from the end of the secured joist.
2. Metal decking bundles shall be supported in such a way that
the load can be unbanded without dislodging the bundles from their
supports.
3. No bundle of decking may be placed on steel joists until all
bridging has been installed and all joist bearing ends attached,
unless ALL of the the following conditions are met:
i. A determination has been made by a qualified, documented authority
that this portion of the structure is capable of supporting the
load
ii. The bundle is placed on a minimum of three steel joists.
iii. These joists are attached at both ends
iv. At least one row of decking is installed and anchored.
v. Total weight of the decking bundle is not over 4.000 pounds,
and
vi. Placement takes place in accordance with the Standards.
:Bolted Diagonal Erection Bridging:
A.The bridging must be indicated on the erection drawing, which
must be the primary indicator of the placement of this bridging.
B. Shop-installed bridging clips, or functional equivalents, must
be used where the bridging bolts to the steel joists.
C. The nut(s) that bolt(s) two pieces of steel bridging to a steel
joist cannot be removed for the attachment of another one.
D. When permanent bridging terminus points cannot be used during
erection, additional temporary structures are to be constructed
for stability.
: Column Anchorage and Repair
A. Column assemblies must adhere to the standards explicitly
described in Title 8, California Code of Regulations, §1710.
1. All columns shall be anchored by a minimum of 4 anchor rods
(anchor bolts).
2. Columns must be evaluated by a competent person to determine
whether bracing or guying is needed; if so, it shall be installed.
3. Perimeter columns shall not be erected unless they extend a
minimum of 48 inches above the finished floor or have holes or
other features that permit installation of perimeter safety cables
prior to erection of the next tier, except where contstructability
does not allow.
B. Repairs:
1. Anchor rods (anchor bolts) must be repaired under the supervision
of the project structural engineer.
2. Prior to the erection of a column, the contractor shall provide
written notification to the steel erector if there has been any
repair, replacement or modification of the anchor rods (anchor
bolts) of that column.
: Working and traveling on the skeleton steel of multistory buildings or structures:
A. Tripping hazards: Shear connectors (such as steel studs,
bars or lugs), reinforcing bars, deformed anchors, bridging attachments
or threaded studs shall not be attached to the top flanges of
beams, joists or beam attachments so they protrude vertically
or horizontal from the top flange of the member unless another
walking/working surface has been installed.
1. When shear connectors are used in construction of floors, roofs
and bridge decks, they must be installed after the metal decking
is installed, using the metal decking as a working platform.
B. When connecting beams are at the periphery or interior of a
structure where the fall distance is greater than 30 feet, ironworkers
must be provided with and use a personal fall protection system
tied off to either columns, pendant lines secured at the tops
of columns, catenary lines, or other secure anchorage points.
1. When performing any other work than connecting, ironworkers
must be provided with and use a personal fall protection system
when the fall distance is greater than 15 feet, as described in
Article 24.
2. When moving from one work point to another, or when releasing
slings, ironworkers are permitted to walk the top flange of a
beam when the fall distance is 30 feet or less.
3. When the fall distance is greater than 30 feet, ironworkers
must coon or walk the bottom flange (inside flange or peripheral
beams) or they may walk the top flange if they are tied off to
catenary lines.
C. Pendant lines, catenary lines and other lines used to secure
workers must be used in accordance with the Construction Safety
Orders, Section 1670.
D. If above procedures specified in this section are impractical,
perimeter safety nets must be installed of no more than 25 feet
below the work surface and extend at least 8 feet beyond the perimeter
of the building or structure. Nets shall meet the requirements
in Section 1671.
E. For requirements on the various types of floors and temporary
floors, please see the regulations in §1710.
: Fall Protection
A. Personal Fall Protection Systems shall be required in accordance with Article 24, §1670 of the California Code of Regulations. Use of a personal fall protection system is required at elevations exceeding 15 feet.
B. Safety Nets: When personal fall protection systems are impractical,
approved safety nets must be used in accordance with Article 24,
§1671 and 1672.
1.Safety nets purchased on or after 1/1/98 shall be labeled as
meeting the requirements listed in (c) Article 24, §1671
C. Employees working on buildings or other structures with large, open spans or areas, such as mill buildings, gymnasiums, auditoriums, hangars, arenas, stadiums and bridges, must be protected from the hazard of falling in accordance with §1669, 1670, and 1671 when the fall height exceeds 30 feet.
D. See "Safety Belts, Personal fall arrest/restraint/positioning requirements" elsewhere in this manual for additional information.
E. All employees subject to these dangers are required to use fall protection equipment as trained at the supervisor's discretion.
F. [Company] must be sure that all employees subject to these dangers are trained on the use of fall protection equipment, including personal fall protection systems, safety nets and any other fall protection devices.
G. Fall protection left by [ Company] in the area where steel erection activity has been completed must be removed, unless the controlling contractor or its representative has asked the steel erector to leave it in place, and has inspected it and accepted the responsibility for supervising it, before any workers enter the area.
: Reinforcing Steel and Similar Projections
A. Employees working at grade or at the same surface as exposed
protruding reinforcing steel or other similar projections must
be protected against impalement by:
1. Guarding the exposed ends with protective covers, troughs,
or caps.
2. The use of guard rails.
3. Approved fall protection systems meeting the design requirements
of Article 24, when appropriate.
4. Protective covers as specified in §1712, section (d),
which does not allow the use of job-built caps.
5. Employees are not permitted to place or tie reinforcing steel
in walls, piers, columns, etc., more than 6 feet above an adjacent
surface unless a personal fall protection system is in use.
:Systems Engineered Metal Buildings
A. All of the requirements in this document apply to the erection
of these buildings, except those requirements regarding column
anchorage and open web steel joists.
B. Each structural column must be anchored by a minimum of four
anchor rods or bolts.
C. Rigid frames must have 50% of their bolts (or the # of bolts
specified by the manufacturer) installed and tightened on both
sides of the web adjacent to each flange before the hoisting equipment
is released.
D. Construction loads shall not be placed on unstable supports.
E. In girt and eave strut-to-frame connections, when girts or
eave struts share common connection holes, at least one bolt with
its wrench-tight nut shall remain connected to the first member
(unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.)
F: Both ends of all steel joists or cold-formed joists shall be
fully bolted and/or welded to the support structure before:
1. Releasing hoisting cables
2. Allowing an employee on the joists.
3. Allowing loads on joists.
G. Purlins may only be used as walking or working surfaces when
installing safety systems, and after all permanent bridging is
installed and fall protection is provided.
H. Construction loads must be placed only within a zone that is
a distance of 8 feet or shorter of the center line of the primary
support member.
: Roofing
A. Roofing requirements are governed by California Code of Regulations, Title 8, Article 30. A complete copy of these regulations can be found at http://www.dir.ca.gov/.
B. General Safety Requirements:
1. Roof jacks must be constructed to fit the slope of the roof
and be designed, fabricated and installed in such a manner that
they will sustain all expected loads.
2. Crawling boards must be at least 1 inch thick and 10 inches
wide with cleats of at least 1"x2" every 24 inches.
3. When scaffolds are used to protect workers from falls from
the edges of roofs, they must be installed and maintained in accordance
with Article 22. See "Scaffolds" in your project worksheets.
4. Fall protection is required per Article 24.
5. Ramps and runways must not exceed 20 feet in height and must
be at least 40 inches in width.
6. Additional roofing information is available elsewhere in this
manual. Employee codes of safe work practice are listed in that
section.
: Floor, Roof and Wall Openings
A. These rules apply to any instance where these is danger of
employees or materials falling through floor, roof or wall openings,
or from stairways or runways:
1. Floor, roof and skylight openings shall be guarded by a standard
railing and toe boards or covering.
2. Covering must be capable of supporting twice the weight of
the employees, equipment and materials that may be imposed on
the cover at any one time.
3. Covering shall be secured against any accidental removal or
displacement.
4. Covering shall bear a sign with permanent, legible letters
larger than 1 inch high stating: "OPENING- DO NOT REMOVE."
Markings with chalk will not apply.
5. The railing must be provided on all exposed sides, except at
entrances to stairways.
B. A single 3/8" minimum-diameter wire rope of 13,500
pounds minimum strength must surround the sides of a building
and interior openings such as stairways and elevator shafts. This
must be located between 42 and 48 inches above the height of the
finished floor.
1. Other guard rail protection may be used if sufficient fall
protection is provided.
2. Mid rail protection must be installed at the completion of
the installation of the deck.
3. If the fall protection surrounding the building is intended
for use as a catenary line, it must meet the provisions of Section
1710 [(m)(4)]
: Falling Object Protection:
A. All materials, equipment and tools which are temporarily not
in use while work is being done above an altitude of 15 feet shall
be secured so they will not accidently drop and injure someone
below.
B. At no time shall there be more than four floors or 48 feet
of unfinished bolting or welding above the foundation or closest
secure floor.
: Temporary Floors
A. For multifloor buildings other than structural steel framed
buildings, temporary floors of wood, concrete or other materials
must be constructed in accordance with Title 8, Chapter 4, §1635
to protect workers from falling through joists or girders, and
from the dangers of falling substances.
1. No person shall proceed with or permit any other person to
proceed with any work until this flooring is in place.
2. On buildings where temporary floors are not possible, and where
scaffolds or approved fall protection isn't used, safety nets
shall be installed and maintained whenever the potential fall
distance exceeds two stories or 30 feet, whichever is less, as
required according to Article 24, §1671 and 1672.
3. When gathering and stacking temporary floor planks from the
last panel, the employee must be wearing an approved personal
fall protection device attached to a catenary line or other substantial
anchorage.
B. For multifloor structural steel framed buildings more than
2 stories high erected in tiers or stories (but not buildings
having large open spans such as gymnasiums or stadiums) the following
shall apply:
1. Temporary floors of wood, concrete, equivalent strength metal
decking or other materials must be constructed in accordance with
Title 8, Chapter 4, §1635
2. Fall protection shall be required according to Article 24,
no matter how short the duration of the job.
3. Materials of sufficient strength as designated by Section 1632(b)
must be provided in areas not covered by planking to provide fall
protection and prevent falling objects.
4. For information on installing safe floor planking, refer to
"floor planking" in your Worksheet.